Comparison of Rural and Urban Community
The rural-urban differences are shown by indices such as culture, occupation, geography and other political, religious and social indices.
| RURAL | URBAN | |
|---|---|---|
| 1. Culture | homogeneous, simple | heterogeneous, complex |
| 2. Occupation | Generally fishing, farming, food gathering, cottage industries. | Non-fishing, non-farming, professions, skilled and semi-skilled, sales and servicing, business and commercial pursuits, and white collar jobs, underground economy. |
| 3. Geography | Natural physical environment; natural resources; offers opportunities in quiet solitude and tranquility. | Artificial, cultural environment human resources. |
| 4. Spatial Patterns | Farm villages; line and round villages; nucleated type; dispersed type: great breathing spaces. | Sector model, concentric zone; multiple nuclei model, megastructure, ghettoes and slums. |
| 5. Family | More nuclear; bilateral close ties; bilocal or neolocal familistic relations; and family loyalty; kinship relations; traditional values. | More extended; bilateral, economic, political, religious and educational functions are being taken by other entities; romantic love as basis for choosing one's mate; increased numbers of "live-ins," extramarital births and marital infidelity; secular values. |
| 6. Religion | Majority are Roman Catholics, with Aglipayan religion predominant in the North and Islam in the South; fiesta celebration in honor of patron saints; more superstitious; folk Catholicism. | Religious tolerance and religious pluralism but still predominantly Roman Catholic; folk Catholicism and split - level Christianity are observed. |
| 7. Economic | Higher percentage of labor force (61.9%) - in agriculture, fishing, live-stock, cottage industry and forestry; higher incidence of poverty and indebtedness; prevalence of sari-sari stores and fish and farm products. | Lower percentage of labor force (38.1%) - great diversification of occupations in business and industries, white collar jobs, skilled and semi-skilled jobs; social services; underground economy; banks and financial facilities; domestic and foreign trade; establishment of supermarkets, groceries fast food centers and restaurants. |
| 8. Government | Barangay government with a barrio captain, six (6) councilmen; some powers of central government; Local Government Code, political patronage still exists. | City government with city councils from different districts; operates City Charter; more critical electorate. |
| 9. Education | One finds only a 6-grade elementary school or, at best, a community high school which is poorly equipped and lack of competent teachers, higher drop-out rates; Muslims and cultural communities suffer from neglect; low quality education. | Complete elementary, secondary and tertiary education both public and private; better equipped schools and more competent teachers, lower drop-outs and higher passing percentage in achievement tests |
| 10. Social Classes | Fewer social classes and no extremes in wealth; 2-class structure; upper (foreign elites and Filipino) and lower class or "big people" and "small people", a symbiotic relationship exists between these two (2) groups. | More open and international in composition; upper class (politicians, landlords, businessman, industrialist and financiers); middle class (civil servants, mobile intellectuals, merchants, etc.); lower class (cosmopolitan and provinciano) |
| 11. Social Status | More on ascribed status few achieved status; homogeneity of status in farming of fishing village determined by birth and personal qualities. | More achieved status, heterogeneity of status due to varied culture and opportunities for social mobility. |
| 12. Social Mobility | More horizontal mobility; social mobility due to low density of population and homogeneity of culture, less mobility mobile. | Prevalence of vertical mobility over horizontal mobility; more geographic mobility; education as impetus for upward mobility. |
| 13. Population Density | Sparsely populated; man-to-land ratio is small; more moving space. | Densely populated; man-to-land ratio is large; congested. |
| 14. Social Control | Social ostracism; gossip; rumors; customs and traditions; superstitions; ordinances; praises; commendations; folkways and mores; public opinions. | Laws, rules, regulation; fines, imprisonment; capital punishment, rumor, gossip columns. |
| 15. Transportation and Communication | Animal-drawn vehicles; few jeepneys and buses; radio, letters, scantly newspapers; Tagalog magazines and comics. | Modern means of transportation and communication. |
| 16. Leisure and Entertainment | Few ball game; gossiping, gambling, playing bingo and checkers, or seeing neighbors and cockfighting, drinking tuba or beer; do needle work or embroidery, read literature and magazines in vernacular. | All types of sports and recreations; modern recreational facilities; hobby clubs and sports clubs. |
| 17. Health and Sanitation | Poor health services, malnutrition of pre-school children, unsanitary surroundings; unhygienic practices; prevalence of air-borne, water-borne, communicable skin diseases, sub-standard dwellings; unsafe water supply; greater trust in herbolarios and faith healers. | Better health services; more clinics and hospitals; more variety of nutritious foods; disease-control; hygienic surroundings except in slum areas. |
| 18. Interpersonal Relationships and Social Interactions | Gemeinshaft community; personal, close and intimate, family visiting, strong bonds of friendship; bayanihan spirit; primary group relations; kinship groups; communal activities; "we" feeling or "in-group" feeling; familistic relations and family loyalty; sustained and intimate relations with relatives with relatives and close neighbors. | Gesseschaft community; impersonal values, businesslike, contractual, secondary group relations, extreme division of labor, decline in bonds of kinship, neighborliness and intimacy; segmented and fragmentary social work. |
| 19. Leadership | Usually chosen with reference to personal qualities which conform to local values. | Traditional politician; usually chosen with reference to intelligence, party machine and personal qualities. |
| 20. Social and Cultural Change | Slow; rural people are unprepared to accept and adopt some of the developed technologies and the lack of strong local institutions to carry in the project. | Rapid; social change due to new technology and continued migration of various ethnic groups. |
| 21. Cultural Advantages and Facilities | Cultural disadvantages; no art centers, museum, universities and theaters, no modern facilities such as running water, sewage disposal, electricity, telephones, supermarkets. | Varied cultural advantages and modern facilities for modern living. |
| 22. Social Problems | Poverty; illiteracy; unsanitary surroundings; unhygienic practices; unemployment; poor quality of life; poor quality of education; poor farm production; lack of cultural, educational and modern amenities. | Rising crime rates, juvenile delinquency; pollution; congestion; corruption; disorder, alienation, drug trafficking and drug abuse, alcoholism, poverty and pauperism; prostitution and mental illness, housing projects, flooding; traffic jams; squatters and slums, gang warfare; scavenging. |
